Every parent has been there—your child is in the middle of a meltdown, and it feels like nothing will calm them down. It can be stressful, exhausting, and confusing. But what if you could teach your child a more effective way to communicate their needs, reducing those tantrums? That’s where Functional Communication Training (FCT) comes in, a powerful tool rooted in the science of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA).
Let’s break down how FCT works and how you can use it at home to help your child express themselves more clearly, while reducing tantrums and frustration.
What is Functional Communication Training (FCT)?
FCT is a scientifically proven method that teaches children how to replace challenging behaviors (like tantrums) with appropriate, effective communication skills. The idea is simple: kids often act out because they can’t communicate their needs. By teaching them how to express themselves, you give them a way to ask for what they want or need, which decreases the likelihood of a tantrum.
FCT focuses on identifying the function of the behavior—what the child is trying to achieve—and then teaching them a more appropriate way to communicate that need.
Why Do Kids Have Tantrums?
Every behavior has a purpose, even a tantrum. In the world of ABA, we break down the reasons for challenging behaviors into four main categories (include that there are other functions as well – control, counter control. These are the original functions but there is discussion and debate on what are all the functions are):
1. Escape: Your child wants to avoid something they don’t like (e.g., cleaning up toys, going to bed).
2. Attention: They want your attention, whether it’s positive or negative.
3. Access to Tangibles: They want something, like a toy or snack.
4. Sensory Needs: The behavior feels good or helps them calm down (e.g., spinning, rocking).
By figuring out the reason behind the tantrum, you can teach your child a new way to ask for what they need.
How to Use FCT to Manage Tantrums
Here’s a simple step-by-step guide to get you started with Functional Communication Training at home:
1. Identify the Function of the Behavior
Pay attention to when your child is most likely to have a tantrum. Is it when they’re asked to do something they don’t like? Or when they want your attention? Try to figure out what your child is trying to achieve with their behavior. Understanding the function will help you know what kind of communication skill to teach.
2. Teach an Alternative Communication Method
Once you know why your child is acting out, teach them a simple way to express that need. Here are some examples:
• If your child throws a tantrum when they want a toy, teach them to say, “I want toy,” or use a gesture like pointing.
• If they scream when they want your attention, teach them to say, “Look at me,” or use a signal like tapping you gently.
• If they refuse to clean up their toys, teach them to say, “Can I have a break?” or show them a break card.
Start with easy, clear communication methods your child can understand and use, based on their age and language skills. For younger children or those with limited verbal skills, pictures, gestures, or sign language can work wonders.
3. Practice, Practice, Practice!
To make FCT work, it’s important to practice with your child when they are calm, not in the middle of a tantrum. Set up practice situations where you know they might get frustrated, and help them use their new communication skills instead of melting down.
For example:
• If your child wants a snack, have them ask for it before they get frustrated.
• If you notice them needing a break, prompt them to ask for it before they get overwhelmed.
The more they practice, the more automatic the new communication skill will become.
4. Reinforce Positive Communication
When your child uses the new communication skill, make sure to reinforce it. This means providing positive feedback and giving them what they’re asking for (if it’s reasonable). For example, if they ask for a break instead of screaming, give them a few minutes to relax.
Reinforcement helps your child understand that using words or gestures works better than having a tantrum. Over time, they’ll learn that communicating calmly gets their needs met faster and more effectively.
5. Be Consistent
Consistency is key! Make sure that everyone who interacts with your child is aware of the new communication methods and reinforces them. This includes other family members, teachers, or caregivers. If the child knows that they’ll only get what they want by communicating properly, they’ll be more likely to stick to the new behavior.
Example: How This Works in Real Life
Let’s say your child tends to throw tantrums when you ask them to clean up their toys. You’ve identified that the function of the behavior is escape—they don’t want to clean up.
Step 1: Teach them to say, “Can I take a break?”
Step 2: Practice with them during calm moments, showing them how to ask for a break when they feel frustrated.
Step 3: When they ask for a break, reward them by giving them a short break before cleaning up. Praise them for using their words.
Step 4: Slowly increase the time they spend cleaning up before they get a break. Over time, they’ll learn to handle the task without getting upset.
Why FCT Works
FCT is effective because it directly addresses the root cause of the behavior. Instead of trying to stop the tantrum with punishments or bribes, it teaches children how to express their needs in a way that’s easier for both of you. As your child becomes more confident in their ability to communicate, you’ll notice fewer tantrums and more positive interactions.
Key Takeaways for Parents
• Identify the function of your child’s tantrums (escape, attention, tangibles, or sensory needs).
• Teach a simple, clear way for your child to communicate their needs instead of acting out.
• Practice regularly and reinforce the new communication skill with praise and rewards.
• Be consistent in responding to your child’s communication efforts.
By using Functional Communication Training, you can help your child develop better communication skills, reduce challenging behaviors, and create a more peaceful home environment for everyone.
This approach is grounded in the latest ABA science and research. FCT can be adapted to fit your family’s unique needs. With patience and practice, you’ll see progress and, hopefully, fewer tantrums along the way!